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December 15, 2017
The system is called Kepler-90, a Sun-like star 2,545 light-years from Earth.
Thanks to a novel artificial intelligence technique in partnership with Google, NASA has discovered a planetary system that has as many planets as our own. It’s the most planets in one system we’ve ever found elsewhere.
The system is called Kepler-90, a Sun-like star 2,545 light-years from Earth. We already knew about seven planets in this system, but thanks to this new technique, we’ve found an eighth. The findings are published in The Astrophysical Journal.
“The Kepler-90 star system is like a mini version of our solar system,” said Andrew Vanderburg from the University of Texas at Austin, one of the scientists behind the discovery, in a statement. “You have small planets inside and big planets outside, but everything is scrunched in much closer.”
Kepler has been looking for planets since 2009, and has found thousands so far. But there are many more hiding in its data that we aren’t able to confirm yet.
Thanks to this new method, we can do better. Kepler finds planets by detecting the dip in light caused as they pass in front of their star – known as the transit method.
But sometimes it’s not clear if these signals come from planets. They can appear weak, and thus might be a passing star or something else, so the planet can’t be confirmed. Using a Google neural network, NASA has been able to sift through this data more successfully.
Kepler-90 compared to our own Solar System. NASA/JPL-Caltech
“Just as we expected, there are exciting discoveries lurking in our archived Kepler data, waiting for the right tool or technology to unearth them,” said Paul Hertz, director of NASA’s Astrophysics Division in Washington. “This finding shows that our data will be a treasure trove available to innovative researchers for years to come.” 
Kepler-90 is the discovery highlighted in this announcement, although it’s thought many more planets could be found. This planet is called Kepler-90i, and it’s thought to be a sizzling hot, rocky planet that orbits its star every 14.4 days.
The neural network used here found other planets too. One is a planet in the Kepler-80 system, 1,100 light-years from Earth. It’s called Kepler-80g, and it’s similar in size to Earth.
"Machine learning really shines in situations where there is so much data that humans can't search it for themselves,” Christopher Shallue from Google, one of the other scientists involved, said.
Thanks to this new technique, scientists will be hoping to find more planets hiding in the Kepler data. Kepler is currently in the second phase of its mission, called K2, after two of its four reaction wheels failed. But there are plenty more discoveries for it to make.
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December 13, 2017
Look alive, people. One of the best meteor showers of the year is happening tonight, and you should definitely check it out if you can.
Yes, the Geminid meteor shower will be at its peak from tonight, Wednesday, December 13 into tomorrow, Thursday, December 14. Up to 120 meteors per hour will be visible. What’s more, the Moon shouldn’t pose much of a problem. Hooray!
Meteors from this shower originate from the Gemini constellation. From the Northern Hemisphere, you’ll want to look to the upper left of the constellation Orion in the southwestern sky to get the best view. In the Southern Hemisphere, look to the lower right of Orion.
While many major meteor showers peak in the morning, the Geminids will be visible from about 9pm EST (2am GMT). At this time they’ll be quite near the horizon, according to Sky & Telescope, but by 2am their radiant point will be overhead – so you’ll get a fantastic view then.
Of course, the meteors will appear all across the sky, but looking towards the radiant point gives you your best chance of spotting some. The numbers you’ll see will vary depending on nearby light pollution and, of course, cloud cover.
If you’re planning to sit out and observe them, make sure to wrap up warm. You’ll want to give your eyes about 20 to 30 minutes to adjust to the darkness to get the best view. Try and use a red light if you need to find a spot or whatever, as this will keep your eyes adjusted to the dark.
The Geminids are the result of the asteroid 3200 Phaethon, as we fly through debris it leaves behind. The asteroid itself will actually be quite bright this time around as it's making a fairly close pass to our planet on December 16, so you should be able to spot it with a telescope.
People have watched the Geminid meteor showers for over 200 years, and thanks to a waning crescent Moon this year’s show should be particularly spectacular. If you get a chance, and you’ve got some clear skies, make sure you head out and have a watch.
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December 08, 2017
PHAETHON MIGHT BE BREAKING APART, LIKE THIS ARTIST'S IMPRESSION. NASA/JPL-CALTECH
Look alive, people. An asteroid is about to make a pretty close approach to Earth – but don't worry, there's essentially no chance it will hit us.
The asteroid is called 3200 Phaethon, named after the Greek mythological son of Helios, the Son god. The bad news is that, in Greek mythology, Phaethon nearly set Earth on fire and had to be destroyed. Eek.
The good news is that this asteroid probably won't deal us a repeat performance when it swings past our planet on December 16. But it will provide us with an exciting opportunity to study this rock as it tears through space.
"This will be the best opportunity to date for radar observations of this asteroid and we hope to obtain detailed images," said NASA.
"The images should be excellent for obtaining a detailed 3D model."
Phaethon (the asteroid) is thought to be about 5 kilometers (3 miles) across, making it the third largest near-Earth potentially hazardous asteroid (PHA). It was discovered in 1983 by NASA, with its last close approach coming in 2007.
This time around the asteroid will pass within 10 million kilometers (6.2 million miles) of our planet. That's kinda close, about 27 times further than the Moon, but nowhere near enough to be a cause for alarm. It is, however, closer than it came in 2007.
"The 2017 apparition is the closest to Earth since the asteroid's discovery so it may be possible for optical observers to detect new activity," said NASA.
Interestingly, Phaethon is thought to be responsible for the annual Geminids meteor shower on December 13 and 14, due to similarities between its orbit and the meteors.
But meteor storms are usually caused by comets, which have tails of debris trailing behind them that burn up in our atmosphere. Asteroids are not supposed to have these, so it's possible Phaethon is either breaking apart, or it's not an asteroid at all – and is, in fact, a dead comet.
So this close pass to Earth is going to be pretty exciting. There are a number of closer approaches in the next few centuries though (the next is 2050), with the closest coming on December 14, 2093. Phaethon will pass within 3 million kilometers (1.9 million miles) of our planet then. We should be fine, though.

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December 05, 2017
SPACEFLIGHT IS EXCITING, BUT IT HAS SOME ODD EFFECTS ON YOUR HEALTH. NASA/JSC

The health of astronauts in space is, quite obviously, a vital form of research. There’s no point in us rushing to get humans to Mars if all our astronauts get incredibly sick or perish on the way there. Things like muscle atrophy, altered vision, and genetic alteration are all real and very complex issues that still need to be dealt with.
A fresh piece of research has found another curious biological wrinkle that emerges during microgravity: astronauts seem to have a higher core body temperature (CBT) than us Earthbound rubes. During long-duration flights, they appear to be roughly 1°C (1.8°F) warmer than expected.
This study, which looked at 11 different astronauts, found that gradually, over the course of 2.5 months, CBT rises occurred. These impairments in thermoregulation persist back on Earth for some time, too.
As reported in a new Scientific Reports study, the detection of what the team refers to as “space fever” isn’t good news.
Your core body temperature, unless you’re afflicted with some sort of illness, is 37°C (98.6°F). This temperature control – technically known as thermoregulation – is controlled by the hypothalamus, and its failure can be triggered by a temperature change of just a few degrees.
Too high, and you can suffer from heat stroke; too low, and you’ll get hypothermia, both of which can damage your internal organs. Fortunately, things like evapotranspiration through sweat, and heat retention through blood vessel constriction, allow us to cool down or keep warm, respectively.

Spending more than 2.5 months up here may cause you a problem. NASA

This new study highlights that when gravity is distinctly lacking, thermoregulation gets a little tougher – specifically, cooling yourself down, which may seem a little paradoxical considering that these spacefarers are always inches away from temperatures nearing absolute zero.
Sweating is harder in space. Without gravity to help it drip off you, it just clumps to your body, and only a towel properly helps to remove it.
The study also points out that convection – an incredibly efficient way of cooling that relies on a fluid – doesn’t operate normally either. Taking place everywhere, from Earth’s slowly mobile-but-solid mantle to the air around you, the lack of gravity interferes with it.
The astronauts' space fevers could be partly explained by these mechanisms. Curiously, the higher CBTs also seem to correlate with inflammation in the body linked to microgravity – perhaps your body mistaking near-weightlessness for an infection of sorts – higher-than-average radiation rates, psychological stress, or a combination of all of the above.
At present, it’s not entirely clear what causes persistently higher CBTs in space, but it does put astronauts in a bit of a bind. If they don’t exercise regularly, the microgravity environment will weaken and degrade their muscles and bones.
This difficulty in cooling themselves down, though, may mean that they are more prone to suffering from potentially dangerous exhaustion after a particularly straining session on the low-grav bikes on the International Space Station, for example.
Some astronauts during exercise had CBTs reaching around or even exceeding 40°C (104°F). If this is sustained for too long, it can induce a medical emergency.
The international research team, which was led by Charité – the Berlin University of Medicine, conclude in their paper that “since even minor increases in CBT can impair physical and cognitive performance, both findings have a considerable impact on astronauts’ health and well-being during future long-term spaceflights.”
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December 03, 2017
VOYAGER 1 LAUNCHED IN 1977. NASA/JPL-CALTECH

NASA's Voyager 1 spacecraft, the farthest spacecraft from Earth, just turned on some of its thrusters that haven't been used since 1980.
Currently the only spacecraft we've ever sent to interstellar space, Voyager 1's attitude control thrusters – which it had used to point its antenna towards Earth – had been wearing down. When it can no longer point its antenna to Earth, we'll no longer be able to contact it.
In an effort to prolong the lifetime of the spacecraft, scientists at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) in California found they were able to use another set of thrusters on the spacecraft to perform this task. This could extend the life of the spacecraft beyond 2020.
"With these thrusters that are still functional after 37 years without use, we will be able to extend the life of the Voyager 1 spacecraft by two to three years," said Suzanne Dodd, project manager for Voyager at JPL, in a statement.
These thrusters are called the trajectory correction maneuver (TCM) thrusters. They were originally used by the spacecraft to navigate past the planets Jupiter and Saturn as it made its way out of the Solar System.
The latest planetary encounter was Saturn on November 8, 1980, so the thrusters hadn't been used since then. But the other day, the team decided to try firing them up again, to see if they still work.
They fired up the four thrusters for the first time in 27 years on Tuesday, November 28. It took 19 hours and 35 minutes for Voyager to send the results of the test back, owing to its distance from Earth (21 billion kilometers or 13 billion miles). On Wednesday, November 29, they got confirmation that it had worked. 
“The Voyager team got more excited each time with each milestone in the thruster test,” Todd Barber from JPL said in a statement. “The mood was one of relief, joy, and incredulity after witnessing these well-rested thrusters pick up the baton as if no time had passed at all."
The TCM thrusters are similar in size and functionality to the other thrusters. However, Voyager has to turn on one heater per thruster in order to use them, which drains power. So they'll use the TCM thrusters until there isn't enough power for the heaters and then switch back to the other thrusters.
All in all, it's good news for Voyager 1 fans. It means the spacecraft will last just that little bit longer, as it continues to send back fascinating data from beyond the Solar System. The team is planning to test the TCM thrusters on the twin Voyager 2 spacecraft, which should exit the Solar System in the next few years.
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December 03, 2017
ARTIST'S IMPRESSION OF FALCON HEAVY LAUNCHING. SPACEX

Elon Musk has made a rather bizarre announcement on Twitter, claiming the first launch of his new mega-rocket will be used to take his very own Tesla Roadster to Mars.
This new rocket is the Falcon Heavy, which will be the most powerful rocket currently in operation when it launches. The rocket has been continuously delayed, with the latest launch date of December 2017 slipping to January 2018.
Musk has made no secret about how risky this first launch will be, however. While there will be no one on board the rocket, he has repeatedly said that the Falcon Heavy may very well explode on the launch pad at Kennedy Space Center in Florida when it attempts to take off.
For that reason, there has been a lot of talk about what this rocket would actually take to space, given that there's a decent chance it won't work at all. And, well, that was seemingly revealed in a tweet by Musk on Friday.
“Payload will be my midnight cherry Tesla Roadster playing Space Oddity,” he said, possibly referring to this car.
“Destination is Mars orbit. Will be in deep space for a billion years or so if it doesn’t blow up on ascent.”
The tweet sparked a flurry of excitement, and also some confusion. People weren't sure if Musk was joking, or if he was being serious.
He seemingly confirmed to The Verge that yes, he was sending his Tesla to space. Then he told them he “totally made it up”, before later clarifying to other outlets that, no, he was being serious.
“Musk confirmed that this plan is, indeed, real,” said Ars Technica. “Another SpaceX official also said the Tesla payload was very much real.”
No other details have yet been released, but speaking to Phil Plait over at Syfy, Musk did say it wouldn't quite be going to Mars. Instead, it would be placed in what's called a Hohmann transfer orbit, which is one that merely swings past the orbital path of Mars, and not necessarily the planet itself.
Ever the showman, this would not be the first time Musk had done something a bit wacky with new hardware. In 2010, he placed a wheel of cheese on the first launch of SpaceX's Dragon spacecraft, a reference to Monty Python.
Putting a Tesla on a rocket and launching it to Mars is perhaps a bit more impressive, though. You can be pretty certain there'll be some cameras on board to capture all this if it does happen, considering the cross promotion (and free advertising) it'll give both Tesla and SpaceX.
A red car for a Red Planet, as Musk put it.

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